Scientists find the 'missing link': A 47million-year-old lemur that could revolutionise how we see human evolution
نظریه داروین
Her name is Ida, she is three feet tall and if scientists are right, she could be a common ancestor of apes and monkeys - and you.
Researchers yesterday revealed the beautifully preserved remains of the lemur-like creature who died in a lake 47million years ago.
Scientists claim she is an important 'missing link' in mankind's family tree and will shed light on a crucial part of evolution.
The lemur's skeleton shows distinct physical characteristics of human beings, such as opposable thumbs - or hands that can grasp things
Family portrait: This is how Ida might have looked
She is so perfectly fossilised, it is possible to see the outline of her fur in the rock.
Ida was discovered in 1983 in a fossil treasure trove called the Messel Pit in Germany, but the collector who put her on his wall had no idea of her significance.
It was a high stakes, secretive, million-dollar deal in a Hamburg vodka bar that finally thrust Ida into the hands of researchers who recognised just what her skeleton might mean for our understanding of human history.
In 2006 a dealer named Thomas Perner called Dr Jorn Hurum of the University of Oslo Natural History Museum. The pair met in the Hamburg bar, with Dr Hurum wondering what Perner had in his possession that could possibly be so special.
Dr Jorn Hurum speaks next to a slide of Ida at the American Museum of Natural History in New York as the fossil was unveiled yesterday
Missing link? Ida, the 47-million-year-old fossil that could change the way we understand human evolution
When Perner put three photographs of Ida's skeleton on the table, however, Dr Hurum's heart started to race. 'I knew the dealer had a world sensation in his hands,' he said. 'I could not sleep for two nights.'
There had been rumours in the 20 years since Ida was found - rumours of an astonishingly well-preserved primate fossil. But no one in the scientific community had seen it.
Now, like a real-life Indiana Jones, Dr Hurum's first instinct was to claim the fossil in the name of science - and not allow it to disappear into the murky world of private collections once more, collecting dust as its significance went unheeded.
Dr Hurum shows New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg the fossil of Ida during the event at the Museum of Natural History yesterday
But it meant he would have to take the biggest gamble of his life - raising the $1million asking price on the strength of just those three photos and a ten-minute examination of the fossil itself to ensure it was not an obvious fake.
Through dogged determination he raised the money. Yesterday, after an exhaustive two years of research and investigation, Ida was unveiled to a blaze of publicity at the American Museum of Natural History in New York.
Dr Hurum and an international team have now published their findings in the free online journal PLoS One.
Dr Hurum said the fossil - named after his daughter - 'is the first link to all humans' and 'truly a fossil that links world heritage'.
Ida is so perfectly preserved that there are still traces of her last meal in her stomach - and outlines of her fur can be seen etched into the stone
Lucy, the famous Ethiopian fossil (Australophithecus afarensis) that is 3.2million years old, is just 40 per cent. complete. Ida - despite being around 44million years older - is roughly 95 per cent complete. Individual hairs can be seen imprinted into the rock.
Dr Jens Franzen, another of the researchers, described Ida as 'like the Eighth Wonder of the World' because of the extraordinary completeness of the skeleton.
Other researchers described her as a Rosetta stone - the codebreaker that could allow them to make sense of early primate evolution.
However Dr Franzen said that rather than being a direct ancestor like a grandmother, she was more likely to be an 'aunt'.
'She belongs to the group from which higher primates and human beings developed but my impression is she is not on the direct line,' he said.
An X-ray of Ida's teeth. She still had not shed all her baby (deciduous) teeth when she died. Scientists believe she was only about nine months old
CT images of Ida's entire skull, including her jaw and teeth, seen in greater detail above
But he, like the other researchers, is still not certain.
Ida comes from a time when the primate family tree was splitting into two groups - one with humans, apes and monkeys, the other with lemurs and bush babies. Her teeth appear to indicate that although she appears more similar to a lemur, she is actually closer to the line that resulted in apes, monkeys and humans.
Her forward-facing eyes are like human eyes and she has human-like thumbs.
Astonishingly, she still has her baby, or deciduous, teeth, leading researchers to guess she was just six to nine months old when she died.
Ida, who will be exhibited at the Natural History Museum in London on Tuesday, is 20 times older than most known fossils that can shed light on human evolution.
The team concluded that she is a new species they have called Darwinius masillae, to mark the bicentenary of Charles Darwin's birth.
The two halves of Ida: The skeleton was split in half on its discovery in 1983, with the two parts going to different collections
Sir David Attenborough, who will present a BBC documentary on the discovery next Tuesday, said: 'The link they would have said until now is missing, is no longer missing.'
Speaking in The Guardian, he said: 'This beautiful little creature is going to show us our connection with the rest of the mammals: with cows and sheep, and elephants and anteaters.'
Sir David Attenborough - pictured here with a modern day lemur - will present a BBC documentary on Ida
He added: 'People who study fossils are nearly always studying the hard parts: the shells and the bones.
'They have to deduce from the shape of each bone what the muscles were like. From that they can deduce more about how the animal held itself and moved.
'If they are lucky they can maybe make suggestions about what the internal organs were like.
'With this fossil you don't have make suggestions. Almost uniquely, we not only have the bones, but we also have the fur and the flesh.
'So it is not a question of deduction, it is not a question of imagination or suggestions, it is fact.'
He had high praise for Dr Hurum. 'He had the insight and the instinct to see this thing and to know in his heart immediately that this was going to be of profound importance... To a certain degree, it was also an act of faith... His gamble has paid of spectacularly.'
In the Guardian piece, based on an interview for Atlantic Productions, Sir David finished: 'Ida is a link between the apes, monkeys and us with the rest of the mammals and ultimately the whole animal kingdom. I think Darwin would have been thrilled.'
But others are more cautious.
Dr Henry Gee, a senior editor at the journal Nature, said the use of the term 'missing link' was misleading.
And Dr Chris Beard, of America's Carnegie Museum of Natural History, said: 'I would be absolutely dumbfounded if it turns out to be a potential ancestor to humans.'